Four Sources, Stitched Together
The familiar narrative feels biblical because every piece of it came from somewhere near the Bible. Here is where each part actually comes from.
From the Latin translation of Isaiah 14:12. Lucifer is not a name, it is a Latin word meaning light bearer, used to render a Hebrew phrase about the morning star. See Lucifer in the Bible.
From Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28, both of which identify their subject explicitly in the text, and neither of which is talking about a spiritual being.
From Revelation 12:4, which describes a dragon's tail sweeping a third of the stars. It is apocalyptic imagery inside a vision, not a headcount of a prehistoric rebellion.
Largely from Paradise Lost, published in 1667. Milton's version of the rebellion is magnificent literature and it shaped Western imagination more than any sermon ever did.
If you removed Milton from Western history, most of what people believe about this subject would go with him.